Uma análise histórica da mulher na agricultura familiar e sua relevância para preservação da biodiversidade genética e ecológica

Abstract

Family farming, essential for food security and sustained by ancestral practices, is marked by the fundamental role of women in the conservation of genetic diversity and the cultivation of traditional varieties. These varieties are vital for the resilience of ecosystems against environmental challenges, but are threatened by modern agriculture and genetic erosion. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the female contribution to family farming and its impact on biodiversity conservation. Using a meta-analysis methodology, the research examines 60 scientific publications, including articles, dissertations, theses, and final papers, to identify trends and gaps in knowledge. Approximately 80% of the studies analyzed include specific information about gender, with 18% focusing specifically on women, reflecting the national reality of female participation in agriculture. Correlation analyses and chi-square tests were applied to investigate the relationship between gender and the use of agrochemicals and organic practices, finding no statistically significant associations. Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was employed to explore the relationships between seed varieties, methods of acquisition, and geographical locations of farming families in Brazil. The results reveal systemic barriers faced by female farmers, such as limited access to financial resources and agricultural credit. The study also highlights seed selection based on immediate characteristics, the cultural importance of seeds, and the need for supportive policies for family farming. A crucial aspect is the ongoing genetic segregation of Creole seeds, which allows them to adapt to environmental changes and resistance to pests and diseases, although it may result in inconsistencies in production. The artificial selection of Creole seeds by farmers can lead to the loss of valuable genes, underscoring the urgency of expanding the presence of specialized technicians. Family farming in Brazil is revealed in a complex manner, influenced by historical, cultural, and environmental factors.