Técnicas de análise de danos em DNA e cromossomos: uma revisão sistemática de literatura

Abstract

The evaluation of DNA and chromosome damage is an important tool in the identification and classification of mutations, and can be done through the use of specific genetic techniques. With this, this work had as objective to carry through a bibliographical survey referring the main techniques used in the evaluation of the damages in DNA and chromosomes, observing the types of mutations provoked by the exposure to genotoxic agents and verifying the diverse uses of the techniques in the environmental and human monitoring. To this end, the bibliographic survey was carried out in the Online databases at Google Scholar, SciElo (Scientific Electronic Library Online), Medline, Lilacs, Pubmed and in the Thesis Bank of the CAPES Journal, considering the following keywords: Cytogenetic", "DNA damage", "biomarkers", "mutagenic agents" and "genotoxicity". The studies carried out in the periods between 2009 and 2018 were considered. As a result, 300 scientific publications on cytogenetic tests for evaluation of DNA and chromosome damage, of which 40 studies were on the Allium cepa test, 35 were on the micronucleus test, 30 on the comet test, 25 publications on the Ames test, 10 on the chromosomal defects test, 20 on the Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique and 25 on the SMART test. The identification of substances, molecules and physical agents that damage DNA allow the elaboration of measures that minimize the impacts caused by constant exposure to genotoxic and mutagenic agents.